”This exhibition follows
Wassily Kandinsky’s intriguing journey from figurative landscape
painter to modernist master, as he strove to develop a radically
abstract language.”
Sometimes it’s all too easy to react.
What’s more, the rarified air of galleries can stir this in you.
You find your brain vying with the documentation and curatorial
efforts, as if they’re all part of some conspiracy conjured up to
keep us apart from the pictures. (Albeit a conspiracy conjured up by
the very people showing us the pictures.) I do this myself and I know
I do.
Of course the world has no shortage of
educated idiots, and with Modernism in particular there’s aspects
that are almost always (if not consciously) suppressed. But if all
you do is react you’re never actually acting – you’re just
being somebody else’s mirror image. It’s more likely the problem
here lies in reducing art to mere words, and in so doing tying it
down to a neat narrative.
‘The Path to
Abstraction’ is more a sound-bite concept that fits
neatly on a poster than some plot. But it's still reducing
Kandinsky's career to a “path”, a “journey”, a series of
linear “developments” we can cut up neatly into successive rooms
like marking it out with milestones.
The exhibition “focuses on the early,
exploratory period of his career, as he moved from early observations
of landscape towards fully abstract compositions.” (So says Kate
Pau in the catalogue). The first two rooms therefore offer us the
Fauvist Kandinsky, but their benefit in being there lies in
“offer[ing] a foretaste of his later explorations into the use of
colour”.
This skating over Fauvism is so common
as to be almost orthodox. Fauvism is like the middle child who parent
attention skipped over. Indeed, it suffers from something of a double
whammy. See Modernism as a linear series of formal innovations and
Fauvism becomes incidental, a staging-post, a way-station on the road
from Impressionism to Expressionism. On a more popular level,
Fauvism lacks the big hitter that can turn a Tate show into a
blockbuster. No Monet, no Picasso, no Dali. (Matisse is the exception
to the rule, except he’s rarely popularly associated with Fauvism.)
Personally I find Fauvism, with its
solid blocks of bright and often unexpected colours, somewhere I’m
happy to linger. (See for example 'Landscape With Factory
Chimney', 1910, above.) I enjoy the similarity not just
between it and folk art but much commercial art. (Commercial art
presumably uses the style more due to skimping on printing processes
than any fancy philosophising. But then so did folk art.) But mostly
I just enjoy it, the juxtaposition of realist and
non-realist styles appeals to something deep in my brain I couldn’t
vocalise. (Something Kandinsky himself would have been proud to
hear!) I even found myself taking a guilty pleasure in the
perspectives used, the key element expunged by abstraction, like
indulging in the last piece of chocolate before Lent.
Try this for an angle: “Kandinsky’s
paintings during the years immediately preceding the First World War
often convey a dramatic sense of a world on the verge of destruction…
An artistic revolution was also underway, with Kandinsky emerging as
one of the key figures.” Now just wouldn’t that make a great
montage on 'The South Bank Show', World War One
trenches morphing into Kandinskian colour and all that? From this
angle the pictures are scanned for elements representing cannons and
swords, as if it was the violence of the world around him which drove
Kandinsky off into the arms of the abstract.
In 'The Last Judgement'
(1912, above), for example, a figure is described as cowering before
a trumpet. Now there are dark paintings on show here, but they all
follow a fairly simple code. One of the codes is that they’re
always …um… dark. This one could hardly be painted in brighter
colours and still be visible without sunglasses! Moreover, the
“cowering” figure may possibly have her hands over her ears, but
could as easily be said to be kneeling in prayer. Compositionally
she’s not recoiling against the trumpeter but facing the same way.
It’s like they’re alongside each other.
Certainly, Kandinsky was no bloodless
New Ager who shied from savagery. All his works of this era have a
dynamic, convulsive quality, and there’s often a sense that they
are storms. But there’s a greater, and finally overpowering, sense
that they are dances.
I see Kandinsky as a more spiritual
than political figure, always asking what was universal and rarely
what was particular. With bombs going off around him, he’d probably
just ponder the mystery of the purple rectangle regardless. I don’t
imagine war somehow ‘abstracted’ him from the world and I don’t
think he was ‘driven’ down that path in any case. If there is a
narrative journey towards abstraction here, it’s one of revelation
more than damnation.
His great compositions have a sweep and
swirl to them. (See 'Improvisation Gorge',, 1914,
above.) As you stand before them you won’t fix on their entirety so
much as take in one then another element, you eye being pulled
backwards and forwards like exploring a city across it’s
criss-cross tramlines rather than surveying it from outside and
above. His favourite Biblical image, the deluge and flood, is partly
a metaphor for the journey from solidity to swirling liquid.
If the
hippies hadn’t run off with the word, we’d be able to call
Kandinsky truly cosmic. The transition from Room One (Fauvist) to
Room Nine (Abstract) merely mirror the changes he hoped to see in the
world, changes he hoped to help magic into being by depicting them.
He’s not fearing apocalpse but pining for revelation, the time we
can just cast off the outer forms which divide everything and
inter-mingle.
Kandinsky asked the viewer, should they
notice any representational elements, not to comment on them. But
there’s more to this than just good manners, like not telling the
critic whose just been on the Late Review his flies were undone. The
best way to approach these impressions, improvisations and
compositions is to just go with the flow, open yourself up to their
suggestion. If one thing looks like a face, a boat or a ladder and
another just the sweep of a line, don’t dwell too much on the
distinction.
In life our sight passes between
'abstract' and 'non-abstract' images all the time. Walking down the
street our eye might flit betwen on a pattern of cracks in the
pavement and a tree or a shop window. This doesn't cause us much
concern, so I don't see why it should if the two things were in a
painting.
Pretty soon the sense that these
pictures aren’t completely abstract, and the attendant notion that
it’s hard to tell when they are from when they aren’t, stops
being a problem and starts becoming part of the pleasure of looking
at them. It’s like listening to a song or reading a poem. By seting
yourself the task of deciphering it you’re just going to bypass the
point for the sake of a thousand trivial details. We’re here being
asked to do the same thing the other way up, expunge the
representational for the sake of the abstract. But it is the same
thing – and it’s not the most useful thing.
And all art is
abstract if you choose to look at it that way, an arrangement of
lines and coloured shapes on a canvas. Abstraction in art is like
ambience in music, more a way of looking at or responding to art than
a way of creating art. Even if some works try harder to evoke such a
response, all can be responded to that way.
Equally our eyes are adept at picking scenes and images from clouds
or out of the grain of wood. When we stop to look at a painting we
can sometimes listen to the polemicists more than we do our own
senses. We shouldn’t.
Partly the problem comes from the
‘ism’-ness of Modernism, which in a way was the supreme ‘ism’.
Modernism was widely written about, in fact in some ways it
existed to be written about in a way previous art
movements hadn’t. The art most written about is often that which is
most easily written about, which takes a concept or theory and
exemplifies it. But the art best remembered
is often that which takes a bunch of seemingly incongruous or even
contradictory concepts and notions and holds them in perfect balance.
This problem could even turn inward,
like a particularly nasty toenail. Modernists frequently felt obliged
to come up with grand high-faulutin’ theories to justify their
daubs, and it wasn’t always to the work’s benefit. Mondrian was a
classic example of an artist who was far better when just flailing
around, before he boxed his thinking up into his grand scheme.
Kandinsky wrote voluminously, if not
always coherently. But perhaps the secret of his talent is that he
was willing to follow his nose. Draw something over and over, and
pretty soon it will start looking more and more codified. When you
see yourself doing that, you can fight against it (like you’re
supposed) or go with it to see where it takes you. I suspect the
origins of Kandinsky’s abstraction lie far more in such roots than
in any grand narrative of advancing art.
And his paintings are great not because
they finally reach the point where they expunge the representational
for the abstract, but because they mix the two up so... well, I think
the word is carelessly, though in the positive
sense. Ernst employed a thousand tricks and devices to leave the
viewer unsure what they were actually looking at, as it created a
potent ambiguity and forced the viewer to take a far less passive
role. Kandinsky just swung it like a natural. His great paintings are
like that song or poem you figure must be
about something but can never quite pin down to what,
so you always want to go back to it.
Perhaps another weakness of this “path
to…” stuff is that we only get one tiny room at the end for the
later, geometric Kandinsky (such as 'Circles On Black',
1921, above) – as a kind of post-script. Of course there might well
be too much to the man’s career than could be captured in a single
exhibition, but there’s significance in fixing on the beginning and
middle of the story rather than the finale. These Bauhaus-era works
may appear more stately, more considered than the convulsive early
abstracts but ultimately they’re my personal favourite Kandinskys.
Coming Soon! More on
abstraction and semi-abstraction in the arts...