“'Jaws'
in space” was the pitch Dan O'Bannon and Ronald Shusett put to
their initial script for 'Alien'. Yet no studio
wanted to make “'Jaws' in space”. Then, as
all now openly admit, it was hurriedly green-lit following the
success of 'Star Wars' - fairly hilariously, as it
would be hard to think of two films more unlike each other. In 1979
it finally hit the screens.
When
both films notched up hits under the same genre label, science
fiction was back in mainstream cinema. 'Star Wars'
of course brought the bigger swell of immediate cash-ins. (It looked
pretty easy, after all. You just needed a hero with a ray gun, a
villain in black and a girl in a silver bikini.) But in terms of
lasting influence, 'Alien' had the bigger impact.
I have lost count of the times I have stumbled back from the pub on a
weekend, clicked on the telly and immediately gone ”Ah,
'Alien' cash-in.” Even films which aren't simple
spoiler products, which have their own plots and agendas can show
it's imprint.
...an
imprint which comes chiefly through it's design, the dirtied-down
anti-sleek look O'Bannon called “the used future.” It's like
industrial gothic meets surrealist nightmare beneath some severe
under-lighting. 'Star Wars' stemmed from the
gaudy, adventurous world of Saturday morning serials and comics, with
the Marvel adaptation decided early. It was a previously critically
rated arthouse director going mainstream. 'Alien'
was the other way up, taking notions from the margins to the
mainstream. It's chief visual designers were ex-underground
cartoonist Ron Cobb (who had previously worked with O'Bannon on
'Dark Star') and gothic surrealist artist HR
Giger.
But
also, from the weird-sounding transmission which kicks off the plot,
'Alien' always seemed to overlap with contemporary
music, particularly the then-emerging genre of industrial music.
(Check out Throbbing Gristle's 'Hamburger Lady.)
Indeed, Graeme Revell of industrial band SPK later became a Hollywood composer.
Yet
the paradox is that a film which spawned so many sequels and copyists
actually occupies a strange kind of pivot-point between Seventies and
Eighties cinema. This emphasis on look and design in itself makes
that film that classic of the Seventies – mainstream auteurist.
There's
a kind of myth that's now arisen around the idea 'Alien'
was fertilized by the shit of B-movie schlock. Whereas it actually
owes most to Hawkes' acclaimed 'The Thing From Another
World' (1951). 'It! The Terror From Beyond
Space' (1958) has a more headline-style title and may well
have been an actual B Feature (shown as a warm-up for the film
audiences had actually paid to see). But it's actually a much better
film than any of that suggests. Scott was simply too smart to take
influence from bad films when he could have looked at good ones.
Nevertheless,
it's fair to say the plot line is pure B-movie. It's only in
seeing it, the deranged designs, that unsettling
strangeness, the pressure-cooker effect of events on the crew, that
it becomes effective. O'Bannon and Shusett's script may have
languished so long simply because it wasn't designed to work on the
page, it needed a strong visual imagination to bring it to life.
Their work is important, of course, but the film is rightly thought
of as Ridley Scott's 'Alien'.
Moreover,
you don't just not get the atmosphere from the plot, you also don't
get the theme. In another zeitgeisty moment,
'Alien' is seen as a crossover between a science
fiction and a slasher film. Notably the two sequel-spawning staples
of the slasher genre bookend it, 'Halloween' in
1978 and 'Friday the 13th' in 1980.
Certainly, the same formula is there – chop away at the cast until
you're left with the monster and the last girl. But there's important
differences. Perhaps I shouldn't generalise about a genre I don't
follow or care for, but I contend the formula of slasher films is
'sex sublimated into violence.' When the sex can't get any more
explicit for a mainstream film, somebody gets chopped up instead. (A
far more savoury sight, of course.)
Whereas,
and unusually for a mainstream film, 'Alien' not
only doesn't have any sex scenes, it doesn't even bother with romance
subplots. (An early idea was that Ripley and Dallas would be
together, but it never seemed a notion the film's events would lead
to them getting together.) True, at the end
Sigourney Weaver strips down to her scanties. But that's to emphasise
her vulnerability. (Well, you know, partly.)
Instead
the sexuality is thrust upon the alien and the landscape. Sexual
imagery abounds (penetration, gestation) but transformed into
something horrific and otherly - like a universe that's out to rape
you. The Alien is not just horrific but also icky. Slime is a signpost to horror here and in all the sequels. Most crucially, it doesn't just invade their ship, it
invades the human body. The theme is Body horror, something then absent from most SF or even slasher
films.
Crucially
for this to be effective, the crew is composed not of bold astronauts
but regular working guys. This comes straight from scripter Dan
O'Bannon's previous feature 'Dark Star.' (Whose
plot is effectively the crew going insane through the monotony of
space travel, the trucking without the pit stops.)
In 'Beautiful
Monsters: The Unofficial and Unauthorised Guide to the Alien and
Predator Films' David McIntee notes that part of the film's effectiveness in frightening viewers "comes
from the fact that the audience can all identify with the
characters...Everyone aboard the Nostromo
is a normal, everyday, working Joe just like the rest of us. They
just happen to live and work in the future."
Furthermore,
the film is steeped in a kind of anti-corporate cynicism, a common
theme among auteurist films of the era. Pakula's 'The
Parallax View' (1974), for example, though ostensibly a
thriller, was set in such a strange defamiliarised modernist
environment it's almost an honorary SF film. Yaphet Kotto, who plays
Parker, had only just starred in Schrader's anti-corporate drama
'Blue Collar' (1978). Similarly, here the Alien
may be the adversary but the Company are effectively the villain,
through their attempts to get their clutches on it they put the crew
in danger.
Yet
the peculiarity of 'Alien' is to come at the end
of this era. Significantly, its release coincided
with two big signposts of political change, the elections of Margaret
Thatcher (1979) and Ronald Reagan (1981). Initially there's an
upstairs-downstairs division between the crew, with grunts Parker and
Brett attempting to demand parity in “the bonus situation.” But
ship's Captain Dallas resembles the “Carter power” which the Dead
Kennedys were predicting to “soon go away.” Such distinctions
soon erode under the alien threat, and after some accelerated
Darwinism 'downstairs' Parker and 'upstairs' Ripley are the last to
survive. It's the modern world. Career paths don't go to plan any
more. You can only rely on yourself.
It
would be tempting to claim the Alien as the market, a ruthless
self-serving machine we can only organise ourselves around. As is
said of it at one point, “its structural perfection is matched only
by its hostility.” (Should the tag line have been “in the
neoliberal mode of production, no-one can hear you scream?”)
Indeed, the motor here and in the sequels is the Company forever
trying to catch and weaponise the Alien. And wanting to have
the Alien is akin to wanting to be like it. But
their plans are forever going awry. The Alien is more likely the
natural world, the cycle of life the Company seek to control and
dominate.
Yet
this just leads us into something more crucial. Ash says of it, “I
admire it's purity. A survivor...unclouded by conscience, remorse or
delusions of morality.” But this description also fits Ripley, who
was willing to leave the others in quarantine rather than risk
infection aboard the ship. Ultimately, Ripley doesn't win because she
is more moral, she survives because she is tougher and smarter. She's
the human being most similar to the Alien. Significantly the film
ends with her final log, not a stirring speech or smart sound-bite,
but a simple, direct statement of survival.
Significantly,
neither 'Halloween' nor 'Friday the
13th
felt obliged to keep the same female protagonist through their
sequels. It's easier to get in a fresh crop of nubile girlies to get
their kit off and then get offed, then another for the next one.
After all, it's the guy with the chopper and the hockey mask people
have come to see. Yet the Alien films all have to feature Ripley,
just like you couldn't make a Dalek film without the Doctor. (Unless
of course you count the '...vs. Predator' films.
Which we don't.)
So...
the look of the film is hugely influential, and the themes can only
be found if seen through the prism of that look. But the look stuck
while those themes would disappear not only in the imitators, but by
the first direct sequel. The working crew, are replaced by (in order)
space marines, monastic convicts and galactic outlaws. Their crossing
and improvised dialogue is swapped for the reading of often-quotable
lines. In short, the characters in the sequel films are characters
from films. Ripley reappears, it's true, but with fading
recognisability. By the fourth she's virtually become a superhero.
Sequels
have many of the trappings of fanfic. One of which is, under the
guise of 'developing' themes, making explicit what worked much better
when implicit. A classic example is the accelerating literalism of
the comparison between Ripley and the Alien. Let's count 'em. When
she starts looking after a child instead of a cat, there's suddenly
an Alien queen with her brood. Then she gets effectively pregnant
with an alien. Then she becomes part-alien. If they'd made a fifth
sequel, perhaps they could have swapped over roles entirely, and
she'd chase the Alien in it's underwear through some gothic-looking
set. (The poster for the third film was a comparison shot of Ripley and the Alien's heads.)
Similarly,
an effective component of the Company's ruthless inhumanity is the
way they lie unseen, existing only as offstage orders. They're not
even named, they're simply referred to as 'the Company'. That last
job you were laid off from, did you ever meet the guy who made the
decision? Of course not! Someone, somewhere simply sent a message
saying “crew expendable.”
Their
one visual representative, Ash, turning out to be an android is
perfect. How many times have you spoken to somebody representing a
corporation who as the conversation went on became more and more like
a machine? The personalised villains of the sequels do not add
anything, do not tell us more about the Company or how it functions.
They simply take stuff away.
But
overall, if the sequels break away from the original that's their
strength rather than their weakness. If you're going to do sequels,
that's how you need to do them. Movies are
standalone, they don't work well as chapters in an overarching
storyline. Each film is made by a new director with a new angle, a
new visual style and no thought of further sequels. Then another new
crew come in and do the same.
It's
not so much passing the baton as handing someone your car keys and
telling them to go nuts. Of course, they crash the car. But they
crash it somewhere else, in some new way,
unforeseeable from where it was last parked. They're all, of course,
inferior to the first film. But by minimising the points of
comparison they give themselves the best fighting chance.
Take
the way the Alien is designed slightly differently in each. While of
course the original was the perfect killing machine. It's like the
way sharks and crocodiles have stayed as they are for millennia,
without need of evolution. Change is pointless. But necessary. You
either mutate the Alien or throw in the towel.
Of
course each is, in it's own way, flawed. But perhaps significantly
the least flawed, the most functionally effective,
is the second one, 'Aliens' – which essentially
turns the whole thing into one big battle. (The tag line, “this
time it's war”, effectively tipped us off - “this time it's not
really an 'Alien' film”.) It succeeds most by
attempting least. (My personal favourite among the sequels is the
third. Despite it being... you know... flawed.)
And
of course through breaking away they escaped the other great trap of
sequels or fanfic – of wanting to explain or elaborate on things
from the original, to answer questions no-one was actually interested
in asking. They old stuff was just a springboard. Now it's time to
make new stuff up. Which was better for all concerned.
Until...
You're absolutely right about sequels: the reason the Alien sequels work so well on the whole is because each of them has its own identity rather than trying to give us more of what loved last time. As a result, you can say the the third is your favourite, and I can reply that I find Resurrection creepiest, even while both of us think Aliens is a better film than either of them. (And the original, better still.)
ReplyDeleteOne nit, which irritates my evolutionary biologist side: "It's like the way sharks and crocodiles have stayed as they are for millennia, without need of evolution." This old canard really needs laying to rest. Sharks and crocs have both evolved dramatically through the ages. There were Triassic crocs that you'd think were dinosaurs.
BTW., the entire Alien quadrilogy is currently available on DVD from Amazon at the stupidly low price of £10 with free delivery. http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00433SNF4/thedinosaurreadi
”You're absolutely right about sequels”
ReplyDeleteThanks!
”You can say the the third is your favourite, and I can reply that I find Resurrection creepiest, even while both of us think Aliens is a better film than either of them. (And the original, better still.)”
Were I in a pedantic mood, I'd say I find 'Aliens' the most successful rather than better. The difficulty in comparing them is that they're doing different things. To me it shoots lower but hits its target.
I'd say Three and Four have the same weakness, a bunch of good ideas which are kind of just thrown at a wall. Of course, if the studio hadn't emulated the Company and arrived at the last minute and tried to steal Fincher's baby off him, Three would have been a no-holds-barred winner as the best sequel. I still love the way it casually kills off all the supporting cast from 'Aliens' in the first few minutes, to establish itself not as a third helping but a kind of alternative sequel to the first one.
And of course it would have been even better if they'd stuck to Vincent Ward's original concept. (Warning, this run-through is as yet incomplete.)
The weird thing about Three is that it's so obviously screwed about with. But one thing I really love about it, the way the prison and the monastery settings are combined, just came from shuffling two different scripts together. For once too many cooks came up with a better broth!
”This old canard really needs laying to rest. Sharks and crocs have both evolved dramatically through the ages. There were Triassic crocs that you'd think were dinosaurs.”
There must be some joke there about thinking the old canard was already extinct.
So that's an urban myth? But there were crocodilians before the Triassic even, they're Archosaurs? Surely there must be more long-term continuity to them than most animal families? Also, are there creatures alive today which haven't bothered with evolution?
Yikes, looks like I failed to check the "email me if there are replies" checkbox when I submitted my first comment, hence my lack of response to yours. (Stupid BlogSpot -- always hiding that checkbox!) Sorry for the belated response, I only now saw your comment when I followed the link back here from your Prometheus article.
DeleteI'd say I find 'Aliens' the most successful [than 3 and 4] rather than better. The difficulty in comparing them is that they're doing different things. To me it shoots lower but hits its target.
I'd say Three and Four have the same weakness, a bunch of good ideas which are kind of just thrown at a wall.
Absolutely. But that is a flaw I find very easy to forgive -- over-ambition. This is what also comes to the rescue of the new movie for me: flawed as it is, it at least fails while trying something audacious, and it has enough goodness about it that I didn't really notice all the ways it's a Bad Movie until afterwards. (But I'll save my comments on that for the other article.)
I'd never heard of Vincent Ward's concept. I wish I could just read a synopsis rather than having to suffer through the self-consciously arty site. I guess this is pretty much it. Would have been interesting.
On croc evolution: yes, there were animals before the triassic which we classify as "crocodilians" because they are more closely related to modern crocs than to any other living animal. (The next closest are birds -- as you rightly note, crocs, like birds are archosaurs.)
But most of them were nothing like modern crocs. You have things like Terrestrisuchus which was tiny (50 cm long) and just plain weird, and lots of other oddities.
That said, there have been crocs that grossly resemble the modern ones for a long time. They've just not been anything like the only ones out there.
”(Stupid BlogSpot -- always hiding that checkbox!)”
DeleteI find they only work sporadically when you do tick 'em!
And it's rather frustrating that you can only follow mailing comments by ticking that box, surely you should be allowed to lurk but still follow... anyway, I digress!
”But that is a flaw I find very easy to forgive – over-ambition”
I'm not sure I think that's really it. Maybe Ward's concept was over-ambitious. But Fincher's 'Alien 3' and 'Resurrection' suffered from a combination of too many cooks and excess interference from the studios that had hired them in the first place. I don't think anything they were aiming for was unachievable.
And 'Prometheus'... well, let's get to that.
”there have been crocs that grossly resemble the modern ones for a long time.”
I always think the way evolution isn't constant and universal is an argument for it's existence, if that doesn't sound too cockeyed. A designer would continually tinker. My new Mac has improvements on the old, but also a lot of changes I consider worked better before they were fixed. But if something's working, evolution is happy to let it carry on working.
Ah, check out Dances with crocs for a couple of beautiful sketches of very non-croc-like ancient crocs.
DeleteLanky crocs look truly bizarre!
DeleteI think that "making explicit what worked much better when implicit" nails exactly what I dislike about so many sequels to favourite films — or continuations of favourite TV series. Like George Lucas's need in the Star Wars prequels to explain the Force, or the need to explain who Doctor Who is, rather than just letting him be mysterious.
ReplyDeleteI never thought about Alien being like a slasher movie before. Perhaps because I can't think of any slasher movies I actually like, but I love Alien so much. Perhaps it all comes down to Agatha Christie's Ten Little (whatevers). Might be good to see the Alien creature invading a 1920s country house...
I look forward to your comments on Prometheus!
Good examples both! In Doctor Who there seems to have been a tendency to set up and then dispel mysteries within mysteries, like Russian dolls. "Ah, you know he's a Time Lord, but what if he's a special kind of..." No! He's a traveller in time and space, fighting evil where he finds it. Elaboration just takes something away.
ReplyDeleteI was being a little disingenuous about slasher films, as I didn't mention one film Scott acknowledges as an inspiration - 'Texas Chainsaw Massacre'. Which I think is a greatfilm, just as atmospheric and otherworldly as 'Alien' in it's way. I'm never quite sure whether to see it as the first slasher film or one of the precursors, like 'Psycho' or 'Peeping Tom.' Otherwise, even 'Halloween', the slasher film you're supposed to like, I just found a resistible combination of dull and nasty.
'Ten Little Whatevers' is not just a whodunnit, but I think part of the rationale is that the killer is human, just a cold-blooded one. It's that neo-Frejudian idea that beneath the veneer of civilisation lurks the killer.
Incidentally, does anyone think I'm going off the deep end with my 'end of Seventies corporatism' theme? I promise I shan't throw a tantrum if you do! It' something that jumps out at me when I watch the film, but I don 't think I've seen it said anywhere else.
ReplyDeleteGo off the deep end! It's your blog...
ReplyDeleteThe Corporation in Alien seems like a natural progression from the dystopias of mid-70s SF, like Logan's Run & Rollerball (was that a corporation, too)? Which I have a fondness for. Certainly seems more likely (now) that if humanity is going to get crushed by some vast force, it's not going to be the old, feared political monsters, like the Reds, but something more homegrown, like a vast corporation.
I think it's both a progression and a left turn.
ReplyDeleteIn 'Blue Collar' the point is the Union doesn't really look after the members who pay it's dues, it's actually in hock to management and to crime. That's Corporatism not working the way its supposed to on the lid, the guys at the table not representing anyone else but coming up with deals which suit them.
In 'Alien' it's just the Company, the regular working guy and the Alien. Not even the pretence of third parties like the Union ostensibly looking out for you. In that way the 1979 film is already in the Eighties, which pretty much kickstarted the world we live in today.
Though at the same time one of the things I really like about 'Blue Collar' is that everyone knows that from the outset. The Union's dodgy doings aren't presented as some hackneyed twist or surprise element, the plot hinges on hard evidence of that happening to arise.